Recent advances in machine learning (ML), particularly neural density estimation like normalizing flows, diffusion models, and flow matching, have opened new doors for high-precision, model-independent density estimation. These techniques are highly valuable for galactic dynamics studies, as they allow us to estimate the distribution of stars in phase space (position and velocity) without...
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the present universe. Their existence has been discussed as a relic from the early universe, which may be a consequence of some physics beyond the Standard Model. In particular, if primordial magnetic fields were generated at high temperatures, the electroweak symmetry breaking implies a transition from the hyper- (U(1)Y) magnetic field in the high-temperature...
Extra dimensions appear in the theory beyond the standard model, such as superstring theory. Kaluza-Klein modes associated with the compact extra spaces are usually never excited in the low energy effective theory below the compactification scale, and we are able to use the 4D effective theory by integrating them out. However, it might not be the case. In case that gauge fields along the...
